Research Highlights: Bacterial Protein Makes “Zombie” Plant. Obligate parasite is an organism that completes its life cycle by exploiting a suitable host. Some obligate parasites induce significant observable changes in their hosts which allows the parasites to be transmitted easily to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood…read moreVitamin B12 May Alleviate Parkinson’s Disease. Cobalamin, also known as Vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin associated with metabolism. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in the normal functioning of the nervous system. Myelin works as an insulator of nerve cell axon to increase the rate of electrical impulses. Severe vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated to damage of learning and memory ability, cognitive decline, and neurological diseases….read moreTherapeutic Drug Accumulation in Gut Bacteria May Explain Individual Differences in Drug Response. The availability and efficacy of therapeutic drugs can be regulated by gut bacteria. However, the systemic mapping of the drug-bacteria interactions has only started recently. The primary underlying mechanism suggested is that microorganisms chemically transform drugs in the process called biotransformation…read moreThe Teamwork of Neutrophil and Macrophage to Kill Bacterial Pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus is a common Gram-positive round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes. S. aureus is usually part of the human body’s microbiome however, it causes a wide range of illnesses which includes skin infections, food poisoning, and bone/joint infections….read more
Massive New Species from Cambrian Period Discovered in Canada. Radiodonts are arthropods that existed worldwide during the Cambrian period. Radiodonts are known by their distinctive frontal appendages which are structurally diverse and used for many functions. Radiodonts were among the largest and most diversified lower palaeozoic predators.Lower Palaeozoic includes three geological systems: the Cambrian….read more
What is Carbon? (Openstax Chemistry 2e) Carbon occurs in the uncombined (elemental) state in many forms, such as diamond, graphite, charcoal, coke, carbon black, graphene, and fullerene. Diamond, shown in Figure 1, is a very hard crystalline material that is colorless and transparent when pure. Each atom forms four single bonds to four other atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron (sp3 hybridization); … Continue reading What is Carbon?
What are fuel cells? (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) A fuel cell is a galvanic cell that uses traditional combustive fuels, most often hydrogen or methane, that are continuously fed into the cell along with an oxidant. (An alternative, but not very popular, name for a fuel cell is a flow battery.) Within the cell, fuel and oxidant undergo the same redox chemistry as when they … Continue reading What Are Fuel Cells?
Bacterial Protein Makes “Zombie” Plant September 18, 2021 Obligate parasite is an organism that completes its life-cycle by exploiting a suitable host. Some obligate parasites induce significant observable changes in their hosts which allows the parasites to be transmitted easily to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. Researchers demonstrated how SAP05 protein effectors from … Continue reading Research Highlights: Bacterial Protein Makes “Zombie” Plant
Vitamin B12 May Alleviate Parkinson’s Disease September 14, 2021 Cobalamin, also known as Vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin associated with metabolism.[2] Vitamin B12 plays an important role in the normal functioning of the nervous system.[2] Myelin works as an insulator of nerve cell axon to increase the rate of electrical impulses.[3] Severe vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated to damage … Continue reading Research Highlights: Vitamin B12 May Alleviate Parkinson’s Disease
Therapeutic Drug Accumulation in Gut Bacteria May Explain Individual Differences in Drug Response September 12, 2021 The availability and efficacy of therapeutic drugs can be regulated by gut bacteria. However, the systemic mapping of the drug-bacteria interactions has only started recently. The primary underlying mechanism suggested is that microorganisms chemically transform drugs in the process called biotransformation. Researchers investigated the reduction … Continue reading Research Highlights: Therapeutic Drug Accumulation in Gut Bacteria May Explain Individual Differences in Drug Response
Biological Rhythms (OpenStax Psychology 2e) Biological rhythms are internal rhythms of biological activity. A woman’s menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythm—a recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 days—a lunar month—but many biological cycles are much shorter. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 1). Alertness is associated with … Continue reading Biological Rhythms
What is a Stimulant? (OpenStax Psychology 2e) Stimulants are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath … Continue reading What is a Stimulant?
The Teamwork of Neutrophil and Macrophage to Kill Bacterial Pathogens September 11, 2021 Staphylococcus aureus is a common Gram-positive round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes. S. aureus is usually part of the human body’s microbiome however, it causes a wide range of illnesses which includes skin infections, food poisoning, and bone/joint infections.[2] S. aureus is the primary cause of … Continue reading Research Highlights: The Teamwork of Neutrophil and Macrophage to Kill Bacterial Pathogens
Pain Perception (OpenStax Psychology 2e) Pain is an unpleasant experience that involves both physical and psychological components. Feeling pain is quite adaptive because it makes us aware of an injury, and it motivates us to remove ourselves from the cause of that injury. In addition, pain also makes us less likely to suffer additional injury because we will be gentler with … Continue reading Pain Perception
High Intelligence: Nature or Nurture? (OpenStax Psychology 2e) Where does high intelligence come from? Some researchers believe that intelligence is a trait inherited from a person’s parents. Scientists who research this topic typically use twin studies to determine the heritability of intelligence. The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart is one of the most well-known twin studies. In this investigation, researchers found that … Continue reading High Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?
Death and Dying (OpenStax Psychology 2e) Every story has an ending. Death marks the end of your life story (Figure 1). Our culture and individual backgrounds influence how we view death. In some cultures, death is accepted as a natural part of life and is embraced. In contrast, until about 50 years ago in the United States, a doctor might not … Continue reading Death and Dying
Research Highlights: Massive New Species from Cambrian Period Discovered in Canada September 10, 2021 Radiodonts are arthropods that existed worldwide during the Cambrian period.[2] Radiodonts are known by their distinctive frontal appendages which are structurally diverse and used for many functions.[2] Radiodonts were among the largest and most diversified lower palaeozoic predators. Lower Palaeozoic includes three geological systems: the Cambrian (541.0 … Continue reading Research Highlights: Massive New Species from Cambrian Period Discovered in Canada
Can Blood Withstand Absolute Zero Temperature? September 7, 2021 One of the things that make humans alive is the liquid called blood.[2] Whole blood is a mixture of cellular elements, colloids, and crystalloids.[2] Blood consists of red blood cells also known as erythrocytes which is responsible for transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and other tissues. Researchers froze … Continue reading Research Highlights: Can Blood Withstand Absolute Zero Temperature?
What are Amalgams? (Openstax Chemistry 2e) An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with one or more other metals. This is similar to considering steel to be an alloy of iron with other metals. Most metals will form an amalgam with mercury, with the main exceptions being iron, platinum, tungsten, and tantalum. Due to toxicity issues with mercury, there has been … Continue reading What are Amalgams?
Reports of Giant Panda Attacking Humans September 5, 2021 Giant panda bred in city zoos rarely attack human. Giant panda belongs in the Carnivora order and usually found in the Chinese provinces which include Gansu and Sichuan. Giant panda is considered a national treasure in China. Giant panda is regarded as having gentle temperament and is protected under the First-Grade State … Continue reading Research Highlights: Reports of Giant Panda Attacking Humans
Should Women Who Use Drugs During Pregnancy Be Arrested and Jailed? (OpenStax Psychology 2e) As you now know, women who use drugs or alcohol during pregnancy can cause serious lifelong harm to their child. Some people have advocated mandatory screenings for women who are pregnant and have a history of drug abuse, and if the women continue using, to arrest, prosecute, … Continue reading Should Women Who Use Drugs During Pregnancy Be Arrested and Jailed?
Facial Expression and Recognition of Emotions (OpenStax Psychology 2e) Culture can impact the way in which people display emotion. A cultural display rule is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable (Malatesta & Haviland, 1982). Therefore, people from varying cultural backgrounds can have very different cultural display rules of … Continue reading Facial Expression and Recognition of Emotions
Group 1: The Alkali Metals (Openstax Chemistry 2e) The alkali metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium constitute group 1 of the periodic table. Although hydrogen is in group 1 (and also in group 17), it is a non-metal and deserves separate consideration later in this chapter. The name alkali metal is in reference to the fact that these metals … Continue reading Group 1: The Alkali Metals
What is Electrolysis? (Openstax Chemistry 2e) Ions of metals in groups 1 and 2, along with aluminum, are very difficult to reduce; therefore, it is necessary to prepare these elements by electrolysis, an important process discussed in the chapter on electrochemistry. Briefly, electrolysis involves using electrical energy to drive unfavorable chemical reactions to completion; it is useful in the isolation of … Continue reading What is Electrolysis?
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