Precipitate may be removed from a reaction mixture by filtration. Source: OpenStax Chemistry 2e Gravimetric Analysis (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) A gravimetric analysis is one in which a sample is subjected to some treatment that causes a change in the physical state of the analyte that permits its separation from the other components of the sample. Mass measurements … Continue reading Gravimetric Analysis

(a) A student fills a buret in preparation for a titration analysis. (b) A typical buret permits volume measurements to the nearest 0.01 mL. (credit a: modification of work by Mark Blaser and Matt Evans; credit b: modification of work by Mark Blaser and Matt Evans) Titration (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) The described approach to measuring … Continue reading Titration Analysis

(a) Ibuprofen is a popular nonprescription pain medication commonly sold as 200 mg tablets. (b) The BHC process for synthesizing ibuprofen requires only three steps and exhibits an impressive atom economy. (credit a: modification of work by Derrick Coetzee) Green Chemistry and Atom Economy (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) The purposeful design of chemical products and processes … Continue reading Green Chemistry and Atom Economy

Sandwich making can illustrate the concepts of limiting and excess reactants. Source: OpenStax Chemistry 2e The Limiting Reactant (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) Stoichiometric amounts of sandwich ingredients for this recipe are bread and cheese slices in a 2:1 ratio. Provided with 28 slices of bread and 11 slices of cheese, one may prepare 11 sandwiches per … Continue reading The Limiting Reactant

Airbags deploy upon impact to minimize serious injuries to passengers. (credit: Jon Seidman) Airbags (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) Airbags are a safety feature provided in most automobiles since the 1990s. The effective operation of an airbag requires that it be rapidly inflated with an appropriate amount (volume) of gas when the vehicle is involved in a … Continue reading Airbags

A neutralization reaction takes place between citric acid in lemons or acetic acid in vinegar, and the bases in the flesh of fish. Source: OpenStax Chemistry 2e Culinary Aspects of Chemistry (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) Examples of acid-base chemistry are abundant in the culinary world. One example is the use of baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate … Continue reading Culinary Aspects of Chemistry

Source: http://www.pixabay.com Stomach Antacids (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) Our stomachs contain a solution of roughly 0.03 M HCl, which helps us digest the food we eat. The burning sensation associated with heartburn is a result of the acid of the stomach leaking through the muscular valve at the top of the stomach into the lower reaches of the … Continue reading Stomach Antacids

Figure 1. When hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water, (a) it reacts as an acid, transferring protons to water molecules to yield (b) hydronium ions (and solvated chloride ions). Source: OpenStax Chemistry 2e Acid-Base Reactions (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. … Continue reading Acid-Base Reactions

Figure 1 A precipitate of PbI2 forms when solutions containing Pb2+ and I− are mixed. (credit: Der Kreole/Wikimedia Commons) Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Rules (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) A precipitation reaction is one in which dissolved substances react to form one (or more) solid products. Many reactions of this type involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution and are … Continue reading Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Rules

Photo by RF._.studio on Pexels.com Equations for Ionic Reactions (OpenStax Chemistry 2e) Given the abundance of water on earth, it stands to reason that a great many chemical reactions take place in aqueous media. When ions are involved in these reactions, the chemical equations may be written with various levels of detail appropriate to their … Continue reading Equations for Ionic Reactions